Amal S. M. Obeidi. ‘“Political Elites in Libya since 1969”’. Libya Since 1969: Qadhafi’s Revolution Revisited. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008. 105–126. Web. <https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=9e80df96-b55c-e611-80c6-005056af4099>.
---. ‘“Political Elites in Libya since 1969”’. Libya Since 1969: Qadhafi’s Revolution Revisited. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008. 105–126. Web. <https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=9e80df96-b55c-e611-80c6-005056af4099>.
Anouar Boukhars. Politics in Morocco: Executive Monarchy and Enlightened Authoritarianism. Routledge studies in Middle Eastern politics. London: Routledge, 2011. Web. <https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991000464989707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default>.
‘Arab and Islamic Studies - LibGuides at University of Exeter’. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://libguides.exeter.ac.uk/ArabandIslamicHomePage>.
Beblawi, Hazem. ‘Chapter 2: “The Rentier State in the Arab World”’. The Rentier State. Ed. Hazem Beblawi and Giacomo Luciani. volume 19. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2016. 49–62. Web. <https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991004180959707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default>.
Bernard Rougier and Stephane Lacroix (eds). Egypt’s Revolutions: Politics, Religion, and Social Movements. The Sciences Po series in international relations and political economy. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015. Web. <https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991002743279707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default>.
---. Egypt’s Revolutions: Politics, Religion, and Social Movements. The Sciences Po series in international relations and political economy. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015. Web. <https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991002743279707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default>.
Boukhars, Anouar. ‘Chapter 5: Islamists and Realpolitik’. Politics in Morocco: Executive Monarchy and Enlightened Authoritarianism. Routledge studies in Middle Eastern politics. London: Routledge, 2011. 107–129. Web. <https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991000464989707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default>.
---. ‘Chapter 5: Islamists and Realpolitik’. Politics in Morocco: Executive Monarchy and Enlightened Authoritarianism. Routledge studies in Middle Eastern politics. London: Routledge, 2011. 107–129. Web. <https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991000464989707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default>.
Brownlee, Billie Jeanne, and Maziyar Ghiabi. ‘“Passive, Silent and Revolutionary: The ‘Arab Spring’ Revisited”’. Middle East Critique 25.3 (2016): 299–316. Web. <https://uoelibrary.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&amp;db=ich&amp;AN=ICHA993914&amp;site=eds-live&amp;scope=site>.
Davidson, Christopher M. After the Sheikhs: The Coming Collapse of the Gulf Monarchies. London: Hurst, 2012. Web. <https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991001034769707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default>.
Dirk J. Vandewalle (ed.). Libya Since 1969: Qadhafi’s Revolution Revisited. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008. Print.
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Dirk Vandewalle. A History of Modern Libya. Cambridge University Press, 2012. Web. <http://encore.exeter.ac.uk/iii/encore/record/C__Rb3448411?lang=eng>.
Farhad Kazemi, Augustus Richard Norton. ‘“Hardliners and Softliners in the Middle East: Problems of Governance and the Prospects for Liberalization in Authoritarian Political Systems”’. Democracy and Its Limits: Lessons from Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East. Notre Dame, Ind: University of Notre Dame Press, 2000. 69–89. Web. <https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=da3b3b66-efc9-e711-80cd-005056af4099>.
---. ‘“Hardliners and Softliners in the Middle East: Problems of Governance and the Prospects for Liberalization in Authoritarian Political Systems”’. Democracy and Its Limits: Lessons from Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East. Notre Dame, Ind: University of Notre Dame Press, 2000. 69–89. Web. <https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=da3b3b66-efc9-e711-80cd-005056af4099>.
---. ‘“Hardliners and Softliners in the Middle East: Problems of Governance and the Prospects for Liberalization in Authoritarian Political Systems”’. Democracy and Its Limits: Lessons from Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East. Notre Dame, Ind: University of Notre Dame Press, 2000. 69–89. Web. <https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=da3b3b66-efc9-e711-80cd-005056af4099>.
Francesco Cavatorta and Vincent Durac. Civil Society and Democratization in the Arab World: The Dynamics of Activism. Routledge studies in Middle Eastern politics. London: Routledge, 2011. Web. <https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991000296269707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default>.
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---. Civil Society and Democratization in the Arab World: The Dynamics of Activism. Routledge studies in Middle Eastern politics. London: Routledge, 2011. Web. <https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991000296269707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default>.
Goldstone, Jack A. ‘Chapter 1: What Is a Revolution?’ Revolutions: A Very Short Introduction. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014. 1–9. Web. <https://uoelibrary.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&amp;db=ich&amp;AN=ICHA993914&amp;site=eds-live&amp;scope=site>.
Guillermo O’Donnell and Philippe C. Schmitter. ‘“Negotiating (and Renegotiating) Pacts”’. Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies. Baltimore, Md: John Hopkins University Press, 1986. 37–47. Web. <https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=33ea387c-a15c-e611-80c6-005056af4099>.
---. ‘“Negotiating (and Renegotiating) Pacts”’. Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies. Baltimore, Md: John Hopkins University Press, 1986. 37–47. Web. <https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=33ea387c-a15c-e611-80c6-005056af4099>.
---. ‘“Negotiating (and Renegotiating) Pacts”’. Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies. Baltimore, Md: John Hopkins University Press, 1986. 37–47. Web. <https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=33ea387c-a15c-e611-80c6-005056af4099>.
---. Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies. Baltimore, Md: John Hopkins University Press, 1986. Web. <https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991008727919707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default>.
---. Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies. Baltimore, Md: John Hopkins University Press, 1986. Web. <https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991008727919707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default>.
---. Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies. Baltimore, Md: John Hopkins University Press, 1986. Web. <https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991008727919707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default>.
Herb, Michael. ‘Chapter 1: Introduction’. All in the Family: Absolutism, Revolution, and Democracy in the Middle Eastern Monarchies. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1997. 1–19. Web. <https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991013244639707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default>.
James D. Le Sueur. Algeria Since 1989: Between Terror and Democracy. London: Zed Books, 2010. Web. <https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991000520639707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default>.
---. Algeria Since 1989: Between Terror and Democracy. London: Zed Books, 2010. Web. <https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991000520639707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default>.
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Joseph Sassoon. Anatomy of Authoritarianism in the Arab Republics. Cambridge University Press, 2016. Web. <https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991001279989707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default>.
---. Anatomy of Authoritarianism in the Arab Republics. Cambridge University Press, 2016. Web. <https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991001279989707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default>.
Kenneth Perkins. A History of Modern Tunisia. Cambridge University Press, 2014. Web. <https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991003462539707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default>.
---. A History of Modern Tunisia. Cambridge University Press, 2013. Web. <https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991003462539707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default>.
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Luis Martínez. ‘“Is the Jamahiriya Reformable?”’ The Libyan Paradox. CERI series in comparative politics and international studies. London: Hurst & Company, 2007. 117–151. Web. <https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=c9908633-b15c-e611-80c6-005056af4099>.
---. ‘“Is the Jamahiriya Reformable?”’ The Libyan Paradox. CERI series in comparative politics and international studies. London: Hurst & Company, 2007. 117–151. Web. <https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=c9908633-b15c-e611-80c6-005056af4099>.
---. The Libyan Paradox. CERI series in comparative politics and international studies. London: Hurst & Company, 2007. Print.
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Matthiesen, Toby. Sectarian Gulf: Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, and the Arab Spring That Wasn’t. Palo Alto, Calif: Stanford University Press, 2013. Web. <https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991002447109707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default>.
Nouri Gana (ed.). The Making of the Tunisian Revolution: Contexts, Architects, Prospects. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2013. Web. <https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991003406109707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default>.
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Owen, Roger. The Rise and Fall of Arab Presidents for Life: With a New Afterword. First Harvard University Press paperback edition. Cambridge, Massacusetts: Harvard University Press, 2014. Web. <https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991004512539707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default>.
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---. ‘Chapter 11: Libya: From Reform to Revolution’. North African Politics: Change and Continuity. London: Routledge, 2016. 178–195. Web. <https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991000899489707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default>.
Philippe C. Schmitter. ‘“Twenty-Five Years, Fifteen Findings”’. Journal of Democracy 21.1 (2010): 17–28. Web. <https://uoelibrary.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&amp;db=edspmu&amp;AN=edspmu.S1086321409100209&amp;site=eds-live&amp;scope=site>.
---. ‘“Twenty-Five Years, Fifteen Findings”’. Journal of Democracy 21.1 (2010): 17–28. Web. <https://uoelibrary.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&amp;db=edspmu&amp;AN=edspmu.S1086321409100209&amp;site=eds-live&amp;scope=site>.
Philippe Schmitter. ‘“Twenty-Five Years, Fifteen Findings”’. Journal of democracy 21.1 (2010): 17–28. Print.
Ricardo René Larémont (ed.). Revolution, Revolt, and Reform in North Africa: The Arab Spring and Beyond. Routledge, 2013. Web. <https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991000924249707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default>.
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Robert O. Collins. A History of Modern Sudan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008. Print.
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---. ‘“The Islamist Revolution: The Turabi Years, 1989-1996”’. A History of Modern Sudan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008. 185–217. Web. <https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=ace883e0-ab5c-e611-80c6-005056af4099>.
---. ‘“The Islamist Revolution: The Turabi Years, 1989-1996”’. A History of Modern Sudan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008. 185–217. Web. <https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=ace883e0-ab5c-e611-80c6-005056af4099>.
Samer S. Shehata (ed.). Islamist Politics in the Middle East: Movements and Change. London: Routledge, 2012. Web. <https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991002447409707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default>.
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Valeri, Marc. ‘Simmering Unrest and Succession Challenges in Oman’. 2015. Web. <http://encore.exeter.ac.uk/iii/encore/record/C__Rx1039612?lang=eng>.
Vandewalle, Dirk. A History of Modern Libya. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012. Web. <http://encore.exeter.ac.uk/iii/encore/record/C__Rb3448411?lang=eng>.
von Weitershausen, Inez. ‘Chapter 6: Foreign Engagement in Contentious Politics: Europe and the 2011 Uprisings in Libya’. Contentious Politics in the Middle East: Popular Resistance and Marginalized Activism Beyond the Arab Uprisings. Middle East today. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015. 155–168. Web. <https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991002743239707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default>.
---. ‘Chapter 6: Foreign Engagement in Contentious Politics: Europe and the 2011 Uprisings in Libya’. Contentious Politics in the Middle East: Popular Resistance and Marginalized Activism Beyond the Arab Uprisings. Middle East today. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015. 155–168. Web. <https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991002743239707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default>.