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[3]
Marc Lynch (ed.), The Arab Uprisings Explained: New Contentious Politics in the Middle East, vol. Columbia Studies in Middle East Politics. West Sussex, England: Columbia University Press, 2014 [Online]. Available: https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991000874889707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default
[4]
Farhad Kazemi, Augustus Richard Norton, ‘“Hardliners and Softliners in the Middle East: Problems of Governance and the Prospects for Liberalization in Authoritarian Political Systems”’, in Democracy and its Limits: Lessons from Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East, Notre Dame, Ind: University of Notre Dame Press, 2000, pp. 69–89 [Online]. Available: https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=da3b3b66-efc9-e711-80cd-005056af4099
[5]
Philippe C. Schmitter, ‘“Twenty-Five Years, Fifteen Findings”’, Journal of Democracy, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 17–28, 2010 [Online]. Available: https://uoelibrary.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edspmu&AN=edspmu.S1086321409100209&site=eds-live&scope=site
[6]
Francesco Cavatorta and Vincent Durac, Civil Society and Democratization in the Arab World: The Dynamics of Activism, vol. Routledge studies in Middle Eastern politics. London: Routledge, 2011 [Online]. Available: https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991000296269707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default
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[8]
Guillermo O’Donnell and Philippe C. Schmitter, Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies. Baltimore, Md: John Hopkins University Press, 1986 [Online]. Available: https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991008727919707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default
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Kenneth Perkins, A History of Modern Tunisia. Cambridge University Press, 2014 [Online]. Available: https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991003462539707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default
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Nouri Gana (ed.), The Making of the Tunisian Revolution: Contexts, Architects, Prospects. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2013 [Online]. Available: https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991003406109707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default
[11]
Kristina Kausch, ‘Tunisia: The Life of Others (FRIDE Working Paper 85)’. 2009 [Online]. Available: http://fride.org/descarga/FRIDE-WP85-INGLES.pdf
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A. Pargeter, ‘Chapter 11: Libya: From Reform to Revolution’, in North African Politics: Change and Continuity, London: Routledge, 2016, pp. 178–195 [Online]. Available: https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991000899489707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default
[13]
Ricardo René Larémont (ed.), Revolution, Revolt, and Reform in North Africa: The Arab Spring and Beyond. Routledge, 2013 [Online]. Available: https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991000924249707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default
[14]
A. Pargeter, ‘Chapter 11: Libya: From Reform to Revolution’, in North African Politics: Change and Continuity, London: Routledge, 2016, pp. 178–195 [Online]. Available: https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991000899489707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default
[15]
James D. Le Sueur, Algeria Since 1989: Between Terror and Democracy. London: Zed Books, 2010 [Online]. Available: https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991000520639707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default
[16]
Francesco Cavatorta and Vincent Durac, Civil Society and Democratization in the Arab World: The Dynamics of Activism, vol. Routledge studies in Middle Eastern politics. London: Routledge, 2011 [Online]. Available: https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991000296269707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default
[17]
Marc Lynch (ed.), The Arab Uprisings Explained: New Contentious Politics in the Middle East, vol. Columbia Studies in Middle East Politics. West Sussex, England: Columbia University Press, 2014 [Online]. Available: https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991000874889707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default
[18]
Farhad Kazemi, Augustus Richard Norton, ‘“Hardliners and Softliners in the Middle East: Problems of Governance and the Prospects for Liberalization in Authoritarian Political Systems”’, in Democracy and its Limits: Lessons from Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East, Notre Dame, Ind: University of Notre Dame Press, 2000, pp. 69–89 [Online]. Available: https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=da3b3b66-efc9-e711-80cd-005056af4099
[19]
Philippe C. Schmitter, ‘“Twenty-Five Years, Fifteen Findings”’, Journal of Democracy, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 17–28, 2010 [Online]. Available: https://uoelibrary.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edspmu&AN=edspmu.S1086321409100209&site=eds-live&scope=site
[20]
Francesco Cavatorta and Vincent Durac, Civil Society and Democratization in the Arab World: The Dynamics of Activism, vol. Routledge studies in Middle Eastern politics. London: Routledge, 2011 [Online]. Available: https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991000296269707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default
[21]
Guillermo O’Donnell and Philippe C. Schmitter, ‘“Negotiating (and Renegotiating) Pacts”’, in Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies, Baltimore, Md: John Hopkins University Press, 1986, pp. 37–47 [Online]. Available: https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=33ea387c-a15c-e611-80c6-005056af4099
[22]
Guillermo O’Donnell and Philippe C. Schmitter, Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies. Baltimore, Md: John Hopkins University Press, 1986 [Online]. Available: https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991008727919707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default
[23]
Bernard Rougier and Stephane Lacroix (eds), Egypt’s Revolutions: Politics, Religion, and Social Movements, vol. The Sciences Po series in international relations and political economy. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015 [Online]. Available: https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991002743279707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default
[24]
A. Pargeter, ‘Chapter 11: Libya: From Reform to Revolution’, in North African Politics: Change and Continuity, London: Routledge, 2016, pp. 178–195 [Online]. Available: https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991000899489707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default
[25]
Lisa Blaydes, Elections and Distributive Politics in Mubarak’s Egypt. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011 [Online]. Available: https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991000464929707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default
[26]
Samer S. Shehata (ed.), Islamist Politics in the Middle East: Movements and Change. London: Routledge, 2012 [Online]. Available: https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991002447409707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default
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A. Boukhars, ‘Chapter 5: Islamists and realpolitik’, in Politics in Morocco: Executive Monarchy and Enlightened Authoritarianism, vol. Routledge studies in Middle Eastern politics, London: Routledge, 2011, pp. 107–129 [Online]. Available: https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991000464989707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default
[28]
Francesco Cavatorta and Vincent Durac, Civil Society and Democratization in the Arab World: The Dynamics of Activism, vol. Routledge studies in Middle Eastern politics. London: Routledge, 2011 [Online]. Available: https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991000296269707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default
[29]
A. Boukhars, ‘Chapter 5: Islamists and realpolitik’, in Politics in Morocco: Executive Monarchy and Enlightened Authoritarianism, vol. Routledge studies in Middle Eastern politics, London: Routledge, 2011, pp. 107–129 [Online]. Available: https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991000464989707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default
[30]
Ricardo René Larémont (ed.), Revolution, Revolt, and Reform in North Africa: The Arab Spring and Beyond. Routledge, 2013 [Online]. Available: https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991000924249707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default
[31]
Robert O. Collins, ‘“The islamist revolution: The Turabi years, 1989-1996”’, in A History of Modern Sudan, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008, pp. 185–217 [Online]. Available: https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=ace883e0-ab5c-e611-80c6-005056af4099
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Robert O. Collins, A History of Modern Sudan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
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Jort Hemmer, ‘Ticking the Box: Elections in Sudan’. Clingendael Institute, 2009 [Online]. Available: https://www.clingendael.org/publication/ticking-box-elections-sudan
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Robert O. Collins, A History of Modern Sudan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
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Ricardo René Larémont (ed.), Revolution, Revolt, and Reform in North Africa: The Arab Spring and Beyond. Routledge, 2013 [Online]. Available: https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991000924249707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default
[36]
A. Pargeter, ‘Chapter 11: Libya: From Reform to Revolution’, in North African Politics: Change and Continuity, London: Routledge, 2016, pp. 178–195 [Online]. Available: https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991000899489707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default
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I. von Weitershausen, ‘Chapter 6: Foreign Engagement in Contentious Politics: Europe and the 2011 Uprisings in Libya’, in Contentious Politics in the Middle East: Popular Resistance and Marginalized Activism Beyond the Arab Uprisings, vol. Middle East today, New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015, pp. 155–168 [Online]. Available: https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991002743239707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default
[38]
Luis Martínez, ‘“Is the Jamahiriya reformable?”’, in The Libyan Paradox, vol. CERI series in comparative politics and international studies, London: Hurst & Company, 2007, pp. 117–151 [Online]. Available: https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=c9908633-b15c-e611-80c6-005056af4099
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Luis Martínez, The Libyan Paradox, vol. CERI series in comparative politics and international studies. London: Hurst & Company, 2007.
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D. Vandewalle, A History of Modern Libya. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012 [Online]. Available: http://encore.exeter.ac.uk/iii/encore/record/C__Rb3448411?lang=eng
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Amal S. M. Obeidi, ‘“Political Elites in Libya since 1969”’, in Libya Since 1969: Qadhafi’s Revolution Revisited, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008, pp. 105–126 [Online]. Available: https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=9e80df96-b55c-e611-80c6-005056af4099
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Dirk J. Vandewalle (ed.), Libya Since 1969: Qadhafi’s Revolution Revisited. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008.
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R. Owen, The Rise and Fall of Arab Presidents for Life: With a New Afterword, First Harvard University Press paperback edition. Cambridge, Massacusetts: Harvard University Press, 2014 [Online]. Available: https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991004512539707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default
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H. Beblawi, ‘Chapter 2: “The Rentier State in the Arab World”’, in The Rentier State, vol. volume 19, H. Beblawi and G. Luciani, Eds. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2016, pp. 49–62 [Online]. Available: https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991004180959707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default
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T. Matthiesen, Sectarian Gulf: Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, and the Arab Spring that Wasn’t. Palo Alto, Calif: Stanford University Press, 2013 [Online]. Available: https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991002447109707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default
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B. J. Brownlee and M. Ghiabi, ‘“Passive, Silent and Revolutionary: The ‘Arab Spring’ Revisited”’, Middle East Critique, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 299–316, 2016 [Online]. Available: https://uoelibrary.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ich&AN=ICHA993914&site=eds-live&scope=site
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J. A. Goldstone, ‘Chapter 1: What is a Revolution?’, in Revolutions: A Very Short Introduction, New York: Oxford University Press, 2014, pp. 1–9 [Online]. Available: https://uoelibrary.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ich&AN=ICHA993914&site=eds-live&scope=site
[51]
Lisa Blaydes, Elections and Distributive Politics in Mubarak’s Egypt. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011 [Online]. Available: https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991000464929707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default
[52]
Anouar Boukhars, Politics in Morocco: Executive Monarchy and Enlightened Authoritarianism, vol. Routledge studies in Middle Eastern politics. London: Routledge, 2011 [Online]. Available: https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991000464989707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default
[53]
Francesco Cavatorta and Vincent Durac, Civil Society and Democratization in the Arab World: The Dynamics of Activism, vol. Routledge studies in Middle Eastern politics. London: Routledge, 2011 [Online]. Available: https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991000296269707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default
[54]
Robert O. Collins, ‘“The islamist revolution: The Turabi years, 1989-1996”’, in A History of Modern Sudan, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008, pp. 185–217 [Online]. Available: https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=ace883e0-ab5c-e611-80c6-005056af4099
[55]
Robert O. Collins, A History of Modern Sudan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
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Nouri Gana (ed.), The Making of the Tunisian Revolution: Contexts, Architects, Prospects. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2013 [Online]. Available: https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991003406109707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default
[57]
I. von Weitershausen, ‘Chapter 6: Foreign Engagement in Contentious Politics: Europe and the 2011 Uprisings in Libya’, in Contentious Politics in the Middle East: Popular Resistance and Marginalized Activism Beyond the Arab Uprisings, vol. Middle East today, New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015, pp. 155–168 [Online]. Available: https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991002743239707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default
[58]
Jort Hemmer, ‘Ticking the Box: Elections in Sudan’. Clingendael Institute, 2009 [Online]. Available: https://www.clingendael.org/publication/ticking-box-elections-sudan
[59]
Kristina Kausch, ‘Tunisia: The Life of Others (FRIDE Working Paper 85)’. 2009 [Online]. Available: http://www.fride.org/descarga/FRIDE-WP85-INGLES.pdf
[60]
Farhad Kazemi, Augustus Richard Norton, ‘“Hardliners and Softliners in the Middle East: Problems of Governance and the Prospects for Liberalization in Authoritarian Political Systems”’, in Democracy and its Limits: Lessons from Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East, Notre Dame, Ind: University of Notre Dame Press, 2000, pp. 69–89 [Online]. Available: https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=da3b3b66-efc9-e711-80cd-005056af4099
[61]
Ricardo René Larémont (ed.), Revolution, Revolt, and Reform in North Africa: The Arab Spring and Beyond. Routledge, 2013 [Online]. Available: https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991000924249707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default
[62]
Marc Lynch (ed.), The Arab Uprisings Explained: New Contentious Politics in the Middle East, vol. Columbia Studies in Middle East Politics. West Sussex, England: Columbia University Press, 2014 [Online]. Available: https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991000874889707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default
[63]
Luis Martínez, ‘“Is the Jamahiriya reformable?”’, in The Libyan Paradox, vol. CERI series in comparative politics and international studies, London: Hurst & Company, 2007, pp. 117–151 [Online]. Available: https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=c9908633-b15c-e611-80c6-005056af4099
[64]
Luis Martínez, The Libyan Paradox, vol. CERI series in comparative politics and international studies. London: Hurst & Company, 2007.
[65]
Guillermo O’Donnell and Philippe C. Schmitter, ‘“Negotiating (and Renegotiating) Pacts”’, in Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies, Baltimore, Md: John Hopkins University Press, 1986, pp. 37–47 [Online]. Available: https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=33ea387c-a15c-e611-80c6-005056af4099
[66]
Guillermo O’Donnell and Philippe C. Schmitter, Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies. Baltimore, Md: John Hopkins University Press, 1986 [Online]. Available: https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991008727919707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default
[67]
Kenneth Perkins, A History of Modern Tunisia. Cambridge University Press, 2013 [Online]. Available: https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991003462539707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default
[68]
Bernard Rougier and Stephane Lacroix (eds), Egypt’s Revolutions: Politics, Religion, and Social Movements, vol. The Sciences Po series in international relations and political economy. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015 [Online]. Available: https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991002743279707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default
[69]
Joseph Sassoon, Anatomy of Authoritarianism in the Arab Republics. Cambridge University Press, 2016 [Online]. Available: https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991001279989707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default
[70]
Philippe Schmitter, ‘“Twenty-Five Years, Fifteen Findings”’, Journal of democracy, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 17–28, 2010.
[71]
Samer S. Shehata (ed.), Islamist Politics in the Middle East: Movements and Change. London: Routledge, 2012 [Online]. Available: https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991002447409707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default
[72]
James D. Le Sueur, Algeria Since 1989: Between Terror and Democracy. London: Zed Books, 2010 [Online]. Available: https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991000520639707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default
[73]
Amal S. M. Obeidi, ‘“Political Elites in Libya since 1969”’, in Libya Since 1969: Qadhafi’s Revolution Revisited, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008, pp. 105–126 [Online]. Available: https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=9e80df96-b55c-e611-80c6-005056af4099
[74]
Dirk J. Vandewalle (ed.), Libya Since 1969: Qadhafi’s Revolution Revisited. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008.
[75]
Dirk Vandewalle, A History of Modern Libya. Cambridge University Press, 2012 [Online]. Available: http://encore.exeter.ac.uk/iii/encore/record/C__Rb3448411?lang=eng
[76]
A. Pargeter, ‘Chapter 11: Libya: From Reform to Revolution’, in North African Politics: Change and Continuity, London: Routledge, 2016, pp. 178–195 [Online]. Available: https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991000899489707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default
