Amal S. M. Obeidi. 2008a. ‘“Political Elites in Libya since 1969”’. In Libya Since 1969: Qadhafi’s Revolution Revisited, 105–26. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=9e80df96-b55c-e611-80c6-005056af4099.
———. 2008b. ‘“Political Elites in Libya since 1969”’. In Libya Since 1969: Qadhafi’s Revolution Revisited, 105–26. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=9e80df96-b55c-e611-80c6-005056af4099.
Anouar Boukhars. 2011. Politics in Morocco: Executive Monarchy and Enlightened Authoritarianism. Vol. Routledge studies in Middle Eastern politics. London: Routledge. https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991000464989707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default.
‘Arab and Islamic Studies - LibGuides at University of Exeter’. n.d. http://libguides.exeter.ac.uk/ArabandIslamicHomePage.
Beblawi, Hazem. 2016. ‘Chapter 2: “The Rentier State in the Arab World”’. In The Rentier State, edited by Hazem Beblawi and Giacomo Luciani, volume 19:49–62. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991004180959707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default.
Bernard Rougier and Stephane Lacroix (eds). 2015a. Egypt’s Revolutions: Politics, Religion, and Social Movements. Vol. The Sciences Po series in international relations and political economy. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991002743279707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default.
———. 2015b. Egypt’s Revolutions: Politics, Religion, and Social Movements. Vol. The Sciences Po series in international relations and political economy. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991002743279707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default.
Boukhars, Anouar. 2011a. ‘Chapter 5: Islamists and Realpolitik’. In Politics in Morocco: Executive Monarchy and Enlightened Authoritarianism, Routledge studies in Middle Eastern politics:107–29. London: Routledge. https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991000464989707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default.
———. 2011b. ‘Chapter 5: Islamists and Realpolitik’. In Politics in Morocco: Executive Monarchy and Enlightened Authoritarianism, Routledge studies in Middle Eastern politics:107–29. London: Routledge. https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991000464989707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default.
Brownlee, Billie Jeanne, and Maziyar Ghiabi. 2016. ‘“Passive, Silent and Revolutionary: The ‘Arab Spring’ Revisited”’. Middle East Critique 25 (3): 299–316. https://uoelibrary.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ich&AN=ICHA993914&site=eds-live&scope=site.
Davidson, Christopher M. 2012. After the Sheikhs: The Coming Collapse of the Gulf Monarchies. London: Hurst. https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991001034769707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default.
Dirk J. Vandewalle (ed.). 2008a. Libya Since 1969: Qadhafi’s Revolution Revisited. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
———. 2008b. Libya Since 1969: Qadhafi’s Revolution Revisited. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Dirk Vandewalle. 2012. A History of Modern Libya. Cambridge University Press. http://encore.exeter.ac.uk/iii/encore/record/C__Rb3448411?lang=eng.
Farhad Kazemi, Augustus Richard Norton. 2000a. ‘“Hardliners and Softliners in the Middle East: Problems of Governance and the Prospects for Liberalization in Authoritarian Political Systems”’. In Democracy and Its Limits: Lessons from Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East, 69–89. Notre Dame, Ind: University of Notre Dame Press. https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=da3b3b66-efc9-e711-80cd-005056af4099.
———. 2000b. ‘“Hardliners and Softliners in the Middle East: Problems of Governance and the Prospects for Liberalization in Authoritarian Political Systems”’. In Democracy and Its Limits: Lessons from Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East, 69–89. Notre Dame, Ind: University of Notre Dame Press. https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=da3b3b66-efc9-e711-80cd-005056af4099.
———. 2000c. ‘“Hardliners and Softliners in the Middle East: Problems of Governance and the Prospects for Liberalization in Authoritarian Political Systems”’. In Democracy and Its Limits: Lessons from Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East, 69–89. Notre Dame, Ind: University of Notre Dame Press. https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=da3b3b66-efc9-e711-80cd-005056af4099.
Francesco Cavatorta and Vincent Durac. 2011a. Civil Society and Democratization in the Arab World: The Dynamics of Activism. Vol. Routledge studies in Middle Eastern politics. London: Routledge. https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991000296269707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default.
———. 2011b. Civil Society and Democratization in the Arab World: The Dynamics of Activism. Vol. Routledge studies in Middle Eastern politics. London: Routledge. https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991000296269707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default.
———. 2011c. Civil Society and Democratization in the Arab World: The Dynamics of Activism. Vol. Routledge studies in Middle Eastern politics. London: Routledge. https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991000296269707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default.
———. 2011d. Civil Society and Democratization in the Arab World: The Dynamics of Activism. Vol. Routledge studies in Middle Eastern politics. London: Routledge. https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991000296269707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default.
———. 2011e. Civil Society and Democratization in the Arab World: The Dynamics of Activism. Vol. Routledge studies in Middle Eastern politics. London: Routledge. https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991000296269707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default.
Goldstone, Jack A. 2014. ‘Chapter 1: What Is a Revolution?’ In Revolutions: A Very Short Introduction, 1–9. New York: Oxford University Press. https://uoelibrary.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ich&AN=ICHA993914&site=eds-live&scope=site.
Guillermo O’Donnell and Philippe C. Schmitter. 1986a. ‘“Negotiating (and Renegotiating) Pacts”’. In Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies, 37–47. Baltimore, Md: John Hopkins University Press. https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=33ea387c-a15c-e611-80c6-005056af4099.
———. 1986b. ‘“Negotiating (and Renegotiating) Pacts”’. In Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies, 37–47. Baltimore, Md: John Hopkins University Press. https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=33ea387c-a15c-e611-80c6-005056af4099.
———. 1986c. ‘“Negotiating (and Renegotiating) Pacts”’. In Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies, 37–47. Baltimore, Md: John Hopkins University Press. https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=33ea387c-a15c-e611-80c6-005056af4099.
———. 1986d. Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies. Baltimore, Md: John Hopkins University Press. https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991008727919707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default.
———. 1986e. Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies. Baltimore, Md: John Hopkins University Press. https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991008727919707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default.
———. 1986f. Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies. Baltimore, Md: John Hopkins University Press. https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991008727919707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default.
Herb, Michael. 1997. ‘Chapter 1: Introduction’. In All in the Family: Absolutism, Revolution, and Democracy in the Middle Eastern Monarchies, 1–19. Albany: State University of New York Press. https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991013244639707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default.
James D. Le Sueur. 2010a. Algeria Since 1989: Between Terror and Democracy. London: Zed Books. https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991000520639707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default.
———. 2010b. Algeria Since 1989: Between Terror and Democracy. London: Zed Books. https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991000520639707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default.
Jort Hemmer. 2009a. ‘Ticking the Box: Elections in Sudan’. Clingendael Institute. https://www.clingendael.org/publication/ticking-box-elections-sudan.
———. 2009b. ‘Ticking the Box: Elections in Sudan’. Clingendael Institute. https://www.clingendael.org/publication/ticking-box-elections-sudan.
Joseph Sassoon. 2016a. Anatomy of Authoritarianism in the Arab Republics. Cambridge University Press. https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991001279989707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default.
———. 2016b. Anatomy of Authoritarianism in the Arab Republics. Cambridge University Press. https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991001279989707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default.
Kenneth Perkins. 2013. A History of Modern Tunisia. Cambridge University Press. https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991003462539707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default.
———. 2014. A History of Modern Tunisia. Cambridge University Press. https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991003462539707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default.
Kristina Kausch. 2009. ‘Tunisia: The Life of Others (FRIDE Working Paper 85)’. http://www.fride.org/descarga/FRIDE-WP85-INGLES.pdf .
Kristina Kausch. 2009. ‘Tunisia: The Life of Others (FRIDE Working Paper 85)’. http://fride.org/descarga/FRIDE-WP85-INGLES.pdf.
Lisa Blaydes. 2011a. Elections and Distributive Politics in Mubarak’s Egypt. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991000464929707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default.
———. 2011b. Elections and Distributive Politics in Mubarak’s Egypt. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991000464929707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default.
Luis Martínez. 2007a. ‘“Is the Jamahiriya Reformable?”’ In The Libyan Paradox, CERI series in comparative politics and international studies:117–51. London: Hurst & Company. https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=c9908633-b15c-e611-80c6-005056af4099.
———. 2007b. ‘“Is the Jamahiriya Reformable?”’ In The Libyan Paradox, CERI series in comparative politics and international studies:117–51. London: Hurst & Company. https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=c9908633-b15c-e611-80c6-005056af4099.
———. 2007c. The Libyan Paradox. Vol. CERI series in comparative politics and international studies. London: Hurst & Company.
———. 2007d. The Libyan Paradox. Vol. CERI series in comparative politics and international studies. London: Hurst & Company.
Marc Lynch (ed.). 2014a. The Arab Uprisings Explained: New Contentious Politics in the Middle East. Vol. Columbia Studies in Middle East Politics. West Sussex, England: Columbia University Press. https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991000874889707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default.
———. 2014b. The Arab Uprisings Explained: New Contentious Politics in the Middle East. Vol. Columbia Studies in Middle East Politics. West Sussex, England: Columbia University Press. https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991000874889707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default.
———. 2014c. The Arab Uprisings Explained: New Contentious Politics in the Middle East. Vol. Columbia Studies in Middle East Politics. West Sussex, England: Columbia University Press. https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991000874889707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default.
Matthiesen, Toby. 2013. Sectarian Gulf: Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, and the Arab Spring That Wasn’t. Palo Alto, Calif: Stanford University Press. https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991002447109707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default.
Nouri Gana (ed.). 2013a. The Making of the Tunisian Revolution: Contexts, Architects, Prospects. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991003406109707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default.
———. 2013b. The Making of the Tunisian Revolution: Contexts, Architects, Prospects. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991003406109707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default.
Owen, Roger. 2014. The Rise and Fall of Arab Presidents for Life: With a New Afterword. First Harvard University Press paperback edition. Cambridge, Massacusetts: Harvard University Press. https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991004512539707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default.
Pargeter, Alison. 2016a. ‘Chapter 11: Libya: From Reform to Revolution’. In North African Politics: Change and Continuity, 178–95. London: Routledge. https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991000899489707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default.
———. 2016b. ‘Chapter 11: Libya: From Reform to Revolution’. In North African Politics: Change and Continuity, 178–95. London: Routledge. https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991000899489707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default.
———. 2016c. ‘Chapter 11: Libya: From Reform to Revolution’. In North African Politics: Change and Continuity, 178–95. London: Routledge. https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991000899489707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default.
———. 2016d. ‘Chapter 11: Libya: From Reform to Revolution’. In North African Politics: Change and Continuity, 178–95. London: Routledge. https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991000899489707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default.
———. 2016e. ‘Chapter 11: Libya: From Reform to Revolution’. In North African Politics: Change and Continuity, 178–95. London: Routledge. https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991000899489707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default.
Philippe C. Schmitter. 2010a. ‘“Twenty-Five Years, Fifteen Findings”’. Journal of Democracy 21 (1): 17–28. https://uoelibrary.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edspmu&AN=edspmu.S1086321409100209&site=eds-live&scope=site.
———. 2010b. ‘“Twenty-Five Years, Fifteen Findings”’. Journal of Democracy 21 (1): 17–28. https://uoelibrary.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edspmu&AN=edspmu.S1086321409100209&site=eds-live&scope=site.
Philippe Schmitter. 2010. ‘“Twenty-Five Years, Fifteen Findings”’. Journal of Democracy 21 (1): 17–28.
Ricardo René Larémont (ed.). 2013a. Revolution, Revolt, and Reform in North Africa: The Arab Spring and Beyond. Routledge. https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991000924249707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default.
———. 2013b. Revolution, Revolt, and Reform in North Africa: The Arab Spring and Beyond. Routledge. https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991000924249707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default.
———. 2013c. Revolution, Revolt, and Reform in North Africa: The Arab Spring and Beyond. Routledge. https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991000924249707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default.
———. 2013d. Revolution, Revolt, and Reform in North Africa: The Arab Spring and Beyond. Routledge. https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991000924249707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default.
Robert O. Collins. 2008a. A History of Modern Sudan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
———. 2008b. A History of Modern Sudan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
———. 2008c. A History of Modern Sudan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
———. 2008d. ‘“The Islamist Revolution: The Turabi Years, 1989-1996”’. In A History of Modern Sudan, 185–217. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=ace883e0-ab5c-e611-80c6-005056af4099.
———. 2008e. ‘“The Islamist Revolution: The Turabi Years, 1989-1996”’. In A History of Modern Sudan, 185–217. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=ace883e0-ab5c-e611-80c6-005056af4099.
Samer S. Shehata (ed.). 2012a. Islamist Politics in the Middle East: Movements and Change. London: Routledge. https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991002447409707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default.
———. 2012b. Islamist Politics in the Middle East: Movements and Change. London: Routledge. https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991002447409707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default.
Valeri, Marc. 2015. ‘Simmering Unrest and Succession Challenges in Oman’. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. http://encore.exeter.ac.uk/iii/encore/record/C__Rx1039612?lang=eng.
Vandewalle, Dirk. 2012. A History of Modern Libya. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. http://encore.exeter.ac.uk/iii/encore/record/C__Rb3448411?lang=eng.
Weitershausen, Inez von. 2015a. ‘Chapter 6: Foreign Engagement in Contentious Politics: Europe and the 2011 Uprisings in Libya’. In Contentious Politics in the Middle East: Popular Resistance and Marginalized Activism Beyond the Arab Uprisings, Middle East today:155–68. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan. https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991002743239707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default.
———. 2015b. ‘Chapter 6: Foreign Engagement in Contentious Politics: Europe and the 2011 Uprisings in Libya’. In Contentious Politics in the Middle East: Popular Resistance and Marginalized Activism Beyond the Arab Uprisings, Middle East today:155–68. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan. https://exeter.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991002743239707446&context=L&vid=44UOEX_INST:default.
